Tuesday, December 10, 2013

Chapter 10: The Era of Progressive Reform, 1890-1920

The Era of Progressive Reform

            The era of progressive reforms was characterized by the new reforms made towards the help and support for employees and their rights. Progressivism targets the massive problems of an urban, industrialized nation. In spite of opposition, progressives were able to redefine government roles in American life, make and have serious campaigns for the presidency. Another important event during this time period was the right for woman’s suffrage. During the late 1800’s there was a mistreatment from industry against their employees. Much of the progressive’s reforms began in the cities as opposed to the state or federal levels. The progressive movement had always been little more than a series of informal alliances, nevertheless in 1912 a number of interests and groups associated with this movement came together into a formal political party.
            In the twilight of the 1800’s, many citizens could see that existing efforts to solve the massive problems of industrialization were failing. Citizens could see that there were problems with unemployment, and a corrupt system, privet efforts to address these issues, such as charity or settlement-house work, were inadequate. During the 1880-1890 were filled with lively debates about how to reform society. The idea of journalist Henry George and Edward Bellamy were among the most popular. Socialists, unionists and city government reformed also had many followers. In 1879 Henry George wrote a book to explain why an advanced civilization seemed to increase rather than eliminate poverty. Several writers during this time period wrote how the future would be for America with the harsh working conditions. Progressive worked for reforms I a systematic manner, relying heavily on scientific data and expert testimony, they investigated issues of concern, such as slum or sweatshop conditions, also making public their reports and investigations. During this time period there were also social welfare programs, which would help ensure a basic standard of living for all Americans. Also within the social reforms there was the home rule, under which cities exercise a limited degree of self-rule.
            The unleashing of the progressive impulse led to a tremendous amount of legislation in the early 1900’s. Reform took place at all levels of government, city, state, and federals. Part of the opposition that began because the less extensive the government, the easier it is to change that government. During this time period people took lots of sides, so TR said that sides of reformers should have arbitration, a process in which an impartial third part decides on a legally blind solution. During this time period also, the direct primary was develop, in which voters cast ballots to select nominees for upcoming elections. Another problem that government faced were the holding companies, which were companies that hold the stocks and bonds of other companies, becomes a monopoly.
            In 1912 several of the loosely allied interests that made up progressivism joined forces in new political parties. Hitching their campaign wagon to a bull moose named TR; they set a course for the White House. After the elections of 1904 TR announced he would not seek another presidential term. During a trip to Africa when TR came back and found the country upside down by Taft, TR came up with the New Nationalism, in which stronger workplace protections for women and children, income and inheritance taxes, direct primaries, and the initiative, referendum, and recall. The progressive party became known as the Bull Moose Party. Roosevelt also trounced Taft by using the New Freedom, he promised to enforce antitrust laws without threatening free economic competition.
            With a long, bitter campaign, women finally won the right to biter and at the same time they demonstrated their skills as organizers and activities. By the time of NAWSA’s founding, women had won many rights. Suffragist followed two paths towards their goals. One path was to press for constitutional amendment. The other path pursued by suffragists was to get individual states to permit women to vote. During the 1910’s Carrie Chapman Catt, a former high school principal, systematized NAWSA techniques, insisting on close, precinct-by-precinct political work. Another woman who impacted the NAWSA and made an organized pared of over 5000 women in Washington D.C, one day before Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration, this courageous woman was Alice Paul. With suffrage finally won, women activist looked forward to a host of new battles in the long and difficult struggle to achieve true equality for women.
Women on strike for the right to vote

       
              The era of progressivism was a time when America became more democratic. The time when new leaders arose from the communities of the oppressed, like the great women leaders, that helped give equality not only to women, but made a better society in America. Teddy Roosevelt also was a man who believed in progress for his country, and did everything he could do to help his country. Then the suffragist movements caused by women which shaped society to become more democratized. Furthermore help African Americans have the right to vote. Another positivist aspects of progressivism was the rights fought for the employees under harsh working conditions in which it help gain rights that would develop the middle class, making America into an economic world power.

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